western leaders perspective on the white man's burden
Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. In the decolonisation of the developing world, the phrase the white man's burden is synonymous with colonial domination, to illustrate the falsity of the good intentions of Western neo Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. Geopolitics, Vol. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. Spencer, David R. No Laughing Matter. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Cohen, Paul A. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. Europeans had a duty to introduce the benefits of their civilization to non-European peoples is the statement which best expresses the Western perspective regarding Rudyard Kipling's "white The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. Twitter. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. The phrase White Mans In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. View Copy of White Man's Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built,U.S.S. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? ), yesterday we took important commandos. Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. Long May It Wave. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. Revell, 1904). Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. The famous American writer Mark Twain, for example, wrote a response, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" that was critical of imperialism and mocked those who thought they were more enlightened than the indigenous people of these areas. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900,view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. 62, Issue 4,pp. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. Priests Horribly Tortured. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. In order to fully get along in society, indigenous populations had to assimilate to the colonists culture and many times abandon their own. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Silence). Perspectives . British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. May 26, 2022. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. He says, Take up the White Mans burden, Send forth the best ye breed In reality, it was just a cover-up to seek profits in these countries such as seen in the Hawaiian native on top of Uncle Sam's . Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. While he originally wrote the poem to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. In a strikingJudgegraphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. Free Books! In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. GlobalResearch Center for Research on Globalization. The poem The White Mans Burden was written by Rudyard Kipling partly as an appeal for the United States to intervene in the Philippines and transform the islands into The word Civilization (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). Rudyard Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden" is a plea to English people to spread their civilization all over the world. (This coincided with the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in congressional votes in June and July of the same year.) Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. 23 later, in the sorrows of empire: militarism, secrecy, and the end of the republic (2004), johnson does not perceive I relegated an escort. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . They laud substandard leaders because it is how people are ruled in Africa. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. The scene above turns the tables on theHarpers Weeklycover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of theNorth American Review. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. 2 vols. America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. Brown, Arthur Judson. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. The sign on the shores of England reads, John Bull The old reliable ship builder since 1861. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility.. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. Esherick, Joseph. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. 32, No. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. and Distributor, 2004). Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. Even the name of the poem is paternalistic in that he views The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. 13, No. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. Think It Over. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. 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