ethiopian orthodox zema bet
. It has been expounded by the fathers of the Church both in the . From that time to the present the church schools have undergone little change. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . = = , 27. 12 - () = . ? 1) The Nebab Bet = , 29. = , 14. The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. . = , 30 . = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . 2, 117). - ., 2. Nsebho LeEgziabher Sibuha Zetesebha 1 Yaredawi . Moreover, having its own written language and literature it developed from very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship. The long monastic tradition dates beck to the fifth century and the significant role of monasticism in the diffusion of Christian learning during the mediaeval period has been described in an earlier chapter. The habit of memorization and the uncritical acceptance of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the student. As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read Old and New Testaments in Ge'ez since Axumite period in 330 AD. [2] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. Your email address will not be published. [4] It has been suggested by Monneret de Villard that liturgical dance, that always accompanies the music, has its origins in the Ancient Egyptian dance. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. Today children use a printed table of letters, which is glued on a single sheet of cardboard. () = - ., 10. It is likely that Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. The first subject of study for the child is the set of Geez letters, known as the Fidel. In their present form the church schools evolved during the golden age of the Church from the 13th to the 16th centuries when the literature of the Church had reached its peak. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. 3) higher schools, namely The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. A new comer must ask him for permission to attend his classes. = , 12. 6 Modern education, of recent origin, is provided mainly in schools operated by the Government. The Qne bet ( house of the qne) is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch. A student of the Nebab Bet or Qedasse Bet, who would like to join the higher schools, usually leaves his parents and joins the wandering students who travel from parish to parish and form monastery to monastery. The way to the Qne bet is long and difficult. THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. . . We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. The work of the day is first reviewed, in which a lively discussion is usually generated. For the authority of tradition in present day Ethiopia remains compelling and forceful. The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qen. He is thus able to analyse the qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition skills in greater depth. Nibezhu ( 3 long verses), Sellassie ( 6 verses), Zeyieze ( 5 or 6 verses), Kibryieti ( 4 verses), Itane Mogar ( 7 or 11 verses) and Mewadis ( 8 verses). = [ . Now the child practices read learns to take much care over words that must be read to together, the accents, the pauses and the soft or hard pronunciations of the syllables. .. = , 19. The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. Refresh. A teacher specialized in this branch of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e. The church school system, which is one of the oldest in Christendom, originated in the Aksumite Kingdom with the introduction of Christianity about the 4th century. The four steps are repeatedly drilled on the same text, Fidel Hawaria. One important reason memorization is so stressed all through the Church Schools is that writing materials were traditionally not well developed. It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. () = , 31. When the pupil is able to read a text, he starts a new lesson known in Amharic as Yemata Timhirt, i.e. The 46 Books of the Old Testament are studied and commented upon. Humming at the lowest range of the male voice. Prominent Zema bet are at Dbr Abbay (Tgray), Sllkula (Wllo) and Gon Tewodros (Goam). 'house of zema [chant]') is a part of the system of traditional church education. = , 11 - = , 12 - = , 13 - = , 14 - = , 15 - . ( .. ) ()= , 20. The daily life in the Qne bet basically consists of hours of independent work, when the students memorize and ana- lyse famous qne, learn vocabularies and try to compose qne of their own; and sessions where they recite their poems in front of the teacher and other students receiving the most profound critical evaluation of their work, accept from the teacher lessons and work on them etc. The majority of the Debtera are laymen, and as such they are not allowed to serve in the mass and the administration of sacraments. He should not, however, contradict or be critical of religious and other accepted values. = [ . : 1: - - - Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. memorization. Therefore, these patristic writings are not to be considered critically, but simply learnt by heart. Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers. The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. If he is not satisfied, he can leave the school and look for another one. When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. This does not include pupils receiving instruction in the village schools and in private compounds. Everything there is to Ethiopia from around the web. The teacher or an advance student recites to the pupil sentence by sentence or verse-by-verse the standard prayer the child has to memorize. Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. = , 10. However, before and after the mass there are readings of the scriptures, ritual dance, and long hymns and poems. We may then be justified, with some reservation, in saying that at present the total Nebab bet enrolment might well be 300,000. The girls from traditional families who have attended the school usually marry before or shortly after they complete the lessons in the House of Reading. Non-Christian families are reluctant to send their children to a Nebab bet because it is closely integrated with the church. Zm has usually been identified as the music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an institution dating from the Ethiopian court's acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century. To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. = , 1. [ ], 9. ], 7. In practice however, few fall into this category, and these few are not usually known as Debtera. He can then practice reading different religious texts. . We shall not discuss here the historical development, but rather the educational activities of the schools, as we know them today in the country. Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. = , 8 . The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). The second branch is the Haddis, a specialized school on the commentaries of the 35 Books of the Ethiopian New Testament. . [ ], 1. The church school system has been the instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully to succeeding generations. We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). The student learns Qene with more interest and motivation than the other disciplines, such as Zema. In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. = , 26. One of the main reasons for this change is that the graduates of the church schools have lost their traditional elite status in the social order, which today particularly in the modern sector, is being occupied by those who have a modern western type of education. Children of the clergy, who use church lands usually enter such schools in order to become deacon or priests in a church (and thus keep their church land in the hands of the family). This is particularly important for those students who plan to continue on the higher learning, since passages from the Psalms are used frequently in the hymns and poems of the church. In earlier times the letters were written on a roll of parchment, which the pupil carried with him. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. He repeats this pronunciation exercise on the same text several times. This is available for about ten cents in every market place in the country, so that the traditional parchment is disappearing. Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar cit y. In spite of the monotony of the learning and teaching methods and the exacting length of time, the students show surprisingly high morale. This process is known as Qutir, i.e. Addis Ababa December 1970. = , 5. . Ethiopian liturgical chants were developed only after that. selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. With the expansion of the Kingdom and Christianity to the south and southwest, churches and monasteries were founded, which became for centuries important centers of learning. . . " " " " The following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e. = , 08. When he has composed his Qene verse after the model assigned to him by the teacher, he then approaches the teacher, who sits for the most part of the day at a place known to all. The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the House of Reading is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. ( ) [ ], 7 - = - ., 8 - = , 3 - = - ., 5 - ( ) = ( ), 6 - () = ( ), 19. Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. Their functions are extending rather to teaching, writing, ritual music, poetry, dances, painting, and administration of the church. It may be that church schools as a whole will take on a new impetus and play an important role in raising the general level of education of the clergy in the future. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur have a long history in Ethiopia although their origins are not clear. [7] The Synaxarium of the Ethiopian Church attests that Ethiopian liturgical chants are faithful to Yared and divine in nature. [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. If each church has one Nebab Bet, which is probably the case, then there are at least 15,000 one-teacher schools. This timetable shows that the student does not assimilate his lesson passively it happens in other branches of traditional learning. = , 7 - = , 2. At the end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him to sit on the chair (wmbr) of his master. This step is important, so the pupil spends more time on it. . Traditional education derives its distinctive character from the unique Christian heritage of the country. The students listen attentively and try to remember the comment word for word. / [ ], 2. . + The canon law (Fetha Negest) as well as the calendar calculation (Bahre Hasab) are also studied here. The leading teachers and scholars of the church, who are known as Debtera, are trained in the higher school. Roles of Orthodox teachings. Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat The teaching highly emphasized Christian and Islamic dogma; Christian education at primary level often conducted by clergy in place of worship and major monasteries located . There are several reasons for this. = , 21. MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. Quick Summary . The teaching method allows the boy free activities and movements as illustrated below. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. In urban centres and roadside towns the Nebab bet has a new function today. = ( ) - ., 3. The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. = , 22. . . Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bt and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. = , 16 - = , 9. A Qedasse teacher normally teaches only the hymns which a deacon or a priest has to use in the liturgy of the Church. 81 2 . In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. a) Zema Bet (Music school) This memorization of the commentary of the books exacts many years of exercise and labour, which the adult student is ready to accept. The large number of characters (33 in 7 orders) with the differences and irregularities of the related sets are not easily grasped by the beginner. After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. ( ) :: . .. = , 20. 3. The number and the kind of books the student has to read at this stage is not standardized. The higher schools of the church the functions of deacon and of a priest in the liturgy. This is considered one of the most important events in the life of the pupil. . / eathebook ! KEYARI TARIKEY ( ): https://youtu.be/3bpkpnH9qqUiTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14483. = , 8 - () = - - . ], 2. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. . In some cases students are made to memorize the texts of the Psalms. = [ ], 7. ( ) 1 - () = : 19 = The emigrants brought their secular and liturgical music traditions with them. Modern theological colleges exist which combine traditional studies with the broader curriculum demanded in the twentieth century. Qedasse Bet The training of the altar priest in Gojjam, the Gonji and Washera schools of Qene differ from this. , () = , 20. BETI HAILI : ( ) : https://youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249. Besides this, the student is attracted by the adventurous and romantic life of a begging and wondering student, about whom much is spoken and fabulous stories are told. Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][3] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. With the spread of modern education and a modern school system this institution is declining. This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. To be able to carry out this further service one has to attend a higher school of the church, which should be considered an extension of the Nebab and Qedasse Bet. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . The church schools that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education in Ethiopia. A reader of the psalms enjoys certain privileges as one of the elite in his village. He has the opportunity to discuss the theme given, which challenges his intellect. Students at Yared School of Music, Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Yaredawi Song . The Qne bet schools differ in their thinking and teaching methods. . display: none !important; = , 3. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. = , 00. There are different Qne bet the main centres of learning are in Wadla (Wllo), Gong (Goggam), Wara (Damot, Goggam); Gondr (s. Admasu Gmbre 1971/72: 10). When this group leaves the teacher, another group or individual comes to read to the teacher and hears his commentary. [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. The student recites the product of his intellectual labour. Low and deep voice. A graduate of the Metsehaf Bet enjoys high prestige as a scholar and can take a high post in the Church hierarchy, such as head of a monastery (Gedam) or a large church (Debre). Saint John Chrysostom, Qerlos and others. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - About-us . With this stage the pupil is introduction to the art of reading Geez, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed. A number of theological students have also progressed to further advanced studies abroad. Therefore, the Nebab bet and the church schools as a whole can not be considered to serve the entire population, but only members of the Orthodox Christian Church. These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. When the teacher feels that his pupil has mastered this stage, he leads him to Wurdnebab. On such tables the number of the letters and the forms in the seven orders remain the same, but the place of the characters is changed or mixed up, so that the child cannot depend only on his memory and the sequence in which he has memorized the characters. The church school system has the following divisions: = , 16. When he is able to distinguish the letters he passes to the next drill known as Geez, i.e. These are most widespread but there are other forms, e.g. The main reason for wandering in search of schools and teachers is that in rural areas any higher education is not possible for a youth who remains with his parents, except in a few cases of Debtera families. Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. It is estimated that the introduction of Christianity took place in Ethiopia around 300 A.D.
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